Structure
Structure: ‘Past perfect’
Learn how English marks the 'past before the past' with the past perfect tense — and why the order of events matters when telling a story.
structure
196 briefings
Structure
Structure: ‘Modals of obligation’
Must, have to, mustn't, don't have to — a quick guide to the modals of obligation, built around a real story of airline safety rules.
Structure
Structure: ‘Noun clauses’
Noun clauses let aviation writers fold a whole claim into one sentence — see how 'that the XLR could unlock new routes' works, and practise spotting…
Structure
Structure: ‘Reporting verbs’
Reporting verbs like estimated, felt, and told carry different shades of meaning — practise them with the story of Boeing's 2024 machinists' strike.
Structure
Structure: ‘Must have’ vs ‘can’t have’
When investigators reconstruct an accident, they reason from evidence — the same logic English expresses with ‘must have’ and ‘can’t have’. Practise the contrast using the…
Structure
Structure: ‘Due to’ vs ‘because’
"Due to" and "because" both explain a cause — but different grammar follows each one. Practise the contrast using the 2024 CrowdStrike IT outage that grounded…